A continuación se muestra un ejemplo sencillo que muestra un par de opciones para el cifrado MariaDB.
Tienes que considerar lo que quieres cifrar. La comunicación de datos (datos en tránsito) o los datos en la instancia (datos en reposo).
Esta publicación se centrará en la opción de datos en reposo utilizando un nodo de nivel gratuito de AWS que se ejecuta en Amazon Linux. Usaré la base de datos mundial en 2 instancias diferentes para mostrar la actualización de las tablas actuales con cifrado, así como las nuevas tablas de carga que se cifrarán automáticamente.
Primero, comenzaremos con las instalaciones... rápidas y sencillas solo para esta demostración.
# vi /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf
# cat /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf | grep server_id
server_id=100
# cat /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf | grep server_id
server_id=200
# systemctl start mariadb.service
# mysql
MariaDB [(none)]> status
--------------
mysql Ver 15.1 Distrib 10.5.23-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
Connection id: 3
Current database:
Current user: root@localhost
SSL: Not in use
Current pager: stdout
Using outfile: ''
Using delimiter: ;
Server: MariaDB
Server version: 10.5.23-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Protocol version: 10
Connection: Localhost via UNIX socket
Server characterset: latin1
Db characterset: latin1
Client characterset: utf8
Conn. characterset: utf8
UNIX socket: /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
Uptime: 27 sec
MariaDB [(none)]> select @@server_id;
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 100 |
+-------------+
MariaDB [(none)]> select @@server_id;
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 200 |
+-------------+
Cargaremos la base de datos mundial en la instancia server_id 100.
# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 5
Server version: 10.5.23-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]> select @@server_id;
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 100 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| world |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> select @@server_id;
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 200 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.000 sec)
Ahora podemos ver que actualmente ambas instancias no utilizan cifrado.
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 100 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> SELECT NAME, ENCRYPTION_SCHEME, CURRENT_KEY_ID FROM information_schema.INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION ;
Empty set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> select @@server_id;
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 200 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> SELECT NAME, ENCRYPTION_SCHEME, CURRENT_KEY_ID FROM information_schema.INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION ;
Empty set (0.000 sec)
Ahora, en ambos sistemas, configuraré claves aleatorias y las cifraré.
# mkdir /etc/mysql/
# (echo -n "1;" ; openssl rand -hex 32 ) | sudo tee -a /etc/mysql/encryption/keyfile
# (echo -n "2;" ; openssl rand -hex 32 ) | sudo tee -a /etc/mysql/encryption/keyfile
# (echo -n "100;" ; openssl rand -hex 32 ) | sudo tee -a /etc/mysql/encryption/keyfile
# cat /etc/mysql/encryption/keyfile
1;466139b487d5735b536a10502b0607d2b96dfa58a7f95ce4847d98ef585af8b5
2;a0f533c2e459dc64e0aeb1f0f8c9dfb496571e71001ca60fac35c8bbc6361096
100;4b4bfd61af39d57e068385cf1a023bdfc5972ed414a24167067ca5256fc314e6
# cat /etc/mysql/encryption/keyfile
1;f8b1b250d3bf7159e2abd15be146367415a80d3781bbcf7d96b26640d7efdc8a
2;c7eaccedd0ef561f0c08d461abfd651947230b08c71aec67c6064bbedb6408ec
100;90475521b6eb6be3c1ec02770f3e8f80b34130f37d25c89b51cf10ec6a7c5bb6
openssl rand -hex 128 > /etc/mysql/encryption/keyfile.key
openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -md sha1 -pass file:/etc/mysql/encryption/keyfile.key -in /etc/mysql/encryption/keyfile -out /etc/mysql/encryption/keyfile.enc
ls -ltr /etc/mysql/encryption/
total 12
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 203 Feb 24 23:39 keyfile
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 257 Feb 24 23:40 keyfile.key
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 224 Feb 24 23:41 keyfile.enc
Ahora podemos configurar el archivo cnf para habilitar el complemento y las opciones de cifrado.
[mariadb]
## File Key Management
plugin_load_add = file_key_management
loose_file_key_management_filename = /etc/mysql/encryption/keyfile
loose_file_key_management_filename = /etc/mysql/encryption/keyfile.enc
loose_file_key_management_filekey = FILE:/etc/mysql/encryption/keyfile.key
loose_file_key_management_encryption_algorithm = AES_CBC
innodb_encrypt_log = ON
innodb_encrypt_temporary_tables=ON
innodb_encryption_threads=4
innodb_encrypt_tables=ON
innodb_default_encryption_key_id=1
aria_encrypt_tables = ON
## Temp & Log Encryption
encrypt-tmp-disk-tables = 1
encrypt-tmp-files = 1
encrypt_binlog = ON
Cargue también los datos mundiales en la instancia server_id 200.
# mysql
MariaDB [(none)]> select @@server_id;
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 200 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> SELECT NAME, ENCRYPTION_SCHEME, CURRENT_KEY_ID FROM information_schema.INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION ;
+----------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| NAME | ENCRYPTION_SCHEME | CURRENT_KEY_ID |
+----------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| innodb_system | 1 | 1 |
| mysql/innodb_index_stats | 1 | 1 |
| mysql/gtid_slave_pos | 1 | 1 |
| mysql/innodb_table_stats | 1 | 1 |
| mysql/transaction_registry | 1 | 1 |
| world/city | 1 | 1 |
| world/country | 1 | 1 |
| world/countrylanguage | 1 | 1 |
+----------------------------+-------------------+----------------+
8 rows in set (0.000 sec)
Según information_schema.INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION ahora estamos encriptados. Sin embargo, no lo mostramos a nivel de esquema. Si bien dicen que está cifrado si aparece en la tabla INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION, prefiero estar seguro y verlo en la tabla y en el esquema.
MariaDB [(none)]> show create table world.city\G
Table: city
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `city` (
`ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`Name` char(35) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`CountryCode` char(3) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`District` char(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`Population` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
PRIMARY KEY (`ID`),
KEY `CountryCode` (`CountryCode`),
CONSTRAINT `city_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`CountryCode`) REFERENCES `country` (`Code`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4080 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci
1 row in set (0.001 sec)
Hasta este punto, puede ver que ambas instancias se han contabilizado en el esquema INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION después del reinicio o la carga del esquema y los datos.
Entonces... algunas modificaciones en la tabla ayudarán aquí...
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.074 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
MariaDB [world]> ALTER TABLE country ENCRYPTED=Yes ENCRYPTION_KEY_ID=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.031 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
MariaDB [world]> ALTER TABLE countrylanguage ENCRYPTED=Yes ENCRYPTION_KEY_ID=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.033 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
Esto es simple, etc. hasta ahora... ahora necesitamos habilitar binlogs y verificar más.
log_bin=demo
log_bin=demo
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 100 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
*************************** 1. row ***************************
File: demo.000001
Position: 363
Binlog_Do_DB:
Binlog_Ignore_DB:
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 200 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
*************************** 1. row ***************************
File: demo.000001
Position: 363
Binlog_Do_DB:
Binlog_Ignore_DB:
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
Comprobando a través de un vistazo a los binlogs....
mariadb-binlog--base64-output=DECODE-ROWS --verbose demo.000001
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=1*/;
/*!40019 SET @@session.max_insert_delayed_threads=0*/;
/*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
DELIMITER /*!*/;
# at 4
#240225 0:06:06 server id 100 end_log_pos 256 CRC32 0x04ce3741 Start: binlog v 4, server v 10.5.23-MariaDB-log created 240225 0:06:06 at startup
# Warning: this binlog is either in use or was not closed properly.
ROLLBACK/*!*/;
# at 256
# Encryption scheme: 1, key_version: 1, nonce: eb7991b210f3f4d2f7f21537
# The rest of the binlog is encrypted!
ERROR: Error in Log_event::read_log_event(): 'Event decryption failure', data_len: 2400465656, event_type: 240
DELIMITER ;
# End of log file
ROLLBACK /* added by mysqlbinlog */;
/*!50003 SET COMPLETION_TYPE=@OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE*/;
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=0*/;
Es bueno ver que dice que ahora se está cifrando.
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.013 sec)
Query OK, 4079 rows affected (0.078 sec)
Records: 4079 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: city2
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `city2` (
`ID` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`Name` char(35) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`CountryCode` char(3) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`District` char(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`Population` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
PRIMARY KEY (`ID`),
KEY `CountryCode` (`CountryCode`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4080 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci `ENCRYPTED`=Yes `ENCRYPTION_KEY_ID`=1
1 row in set (0.000 sec)
Quiero ver estas transacciones en el binlog... ¿cómo? Puedes usar mariadb_binlog junto con --read-from-remote-server para poder ver los datos en los registros...
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=1*/;
/*!40019 SET @@session.max_insert_delayed_threads=0*/;
/*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
DELIMITER /*!*/;
# at 4
#240225 0:06:06 server id 100 end_log_pos 256 CRC32 0x04ce3741 Start: binlog v 4, server v 10.5.23-MariaDB-log created 240225 0:06:06 at startup
ROLLBACK/*!*/;
# at 256
#240225 0:06:06 server id 100 end_log_pos 296 CRC32 0x0c89f3bb Ignorable
# Ignorable event type 164 (Start_encryption)
# at 296
#240225 0:06:06 server id 100 end_log_pos 325 CRC32 0x535776a2 Gtid list []
# at 325
#240225 0:06:06 server id 100 end_log_pos 363 CRC32 0x2ac4a61b Binlog checkpoint demo.000001
# at 363
#240225 0:09:40 server id 100 end_log_pos 405 CRC32 0x93e10dc4 GTID 0-100-1 ddl
/*!100101 SET @@session.skip_parallel_replication=0*//*!*/;
/*!100001 SET @@session.gtid_domain_id=0*//*!*/;
/*!100001 SET @@session.server_id=100*//*!*/;
/*!100001 SET @@session.gtid_seq_no=1*//*!*/;
# at 405
#240225 0:09:40 server id 100 end_log_pos 501 CRC32 0x39269040 Query thread_id=5 exec_time=0 error_code=0
use `world`/*!*/;
SET TIMESTAMP=1708819780/*!*/;
SET @@session.pseudo_thread_id=5/*!*/;
SET @@session.foreign_key_checks=1, @@session.sql_auto_is_null=0, @@session.unique_checks=1, @@session.autocommit=1, @@session.check_constraint_checks=1, @@session.sql_if_exists=0, @@session.explicit_defaults_
for_timestamp=0/*!*/;
SET @@session.sql_mode=1411383296/*!*/;
SET @@session.auto_increment_increment=1, @@session.auto_increment_offset=1/*!*/;
/*!\C utf8 *//*!*/;
SET @@session.character_set_client=utf8,@@session.collation_connection=33,@@session.collation_server=8/*!*/;
SET @@session.lc_time_names=0/*!*/;
SET @@session.collation_database=DEFAULT/*!*/;
create table city2 like city
/*!*/;
# at 501
#240225 0:09:49 server id 100 end_log_pos 543 CRC32 0xde82b753 GTID 0-100-2 trans
/*!100001 SET @@session.gtid_seq_no=2*//*!*/;
START TRANSACTION
/*!*/;
# at 543
# at 602
#240225 0:09:49 server id 100 end_log_pos 602 CRC32 0x05bbb9e6 Annotate_rows:
#Q> insert into city2 select * from city
#240225 0:09:49 server id 100 end_log_pos 661 CRC32 0x9e0b4e0d Table_map: `world`.`city2` mapped to number 21
# at 661
Con suerte, esto al menos puede ayudarte a empezar...
Recursos :
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/securing-mariadb-encryption/
